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• Modern Language Association. How do I cite Indigenous oral teachings? (Dec. 7, 2022).
• Macleod, Lorisia. (2021). More Than Personal Communication: Templates for Citing Indigenous Elders and Knowledge Keepers. KULA: Knowledge Creation, Dissemination, and Preservation Studies, 5(1).
• The University of British Columbia Library. (July 11, 2022). Indigenous Citation Guide.
• Kwantlen Polytechnic University. (Feb. 23, 2026). . https://libguides.kpu.ca/indigenous/citation

• Direct citation for oral teachings of Elders and Knowledge Keepers in Indigenous communities that can be placed in bibliography lists
• Adapt for citing knowledge imparted formally in communities with oral traditions
  • Include tribal names, clan names, community roles, or ethnic group in full bibliography entries.
  • Titles should be descriptive and may include information on how the teaching was communicated or its heritage.
  • Include exact dates if possible.
  • For each element, consult with the oral author on how to accurately represent their knowledge.

Note: Templates include the fullest possible level of detail for the sake of completeness; some may be considered unnecessary or the oral author may not want its inclusion.

APA

APA Reference Entries

Last name, First initial. Nation/Community/Ethnic Group/Clan. Treaty Territory/Reservation/Country of Origin. Where they live. (Month Day, Year). Descriptive title [Oral teaching]. Location of sharing.

Nesser, D. Fond du Lake Band of Lake Superior Chippewa. LaPointe Treaty. Lives in Cloquet, MN. (May 25, 2015). Oral teaching about traditional knowledge [Oral teaching]. Shared at Neighborhood Community Center, Cloquet, MN.

Saw Htoo. Pwo Karen. Lives in St. Paul, MN. (Sept. 30, 2019). Story about a tradition as told to Saw Htoo by his grandfather [Oral teaching]. Shared at Saw Htoo’s home.

APA In-text Citations

Seasonally timing storytelling is important and so ... (Nesser, 2015).

According to Saw Htoo (2019), the oral teaching …

MLA

MLA Works Cited Entries

Last name, First name. (Nation/Community/Ethnic Group/Clan). City/Community they live in. Description of the teaching, Name of story keeper who passed on the teaching to the author, Treaty Territory/Reservation/Country of Origin for author, Day Month Year.

Nesser, David (Fond du Lake Band of Lake Superior Chippewa). Lives in Cloquet, MN. Oral teaching about turtle management in lake systems. LaPointe Treaty, 25 May 2015.

Saw Htoo. Pwo Karen. Lives in St. Paul, MN. Story about an oral tradition, as passed on to Saw Htoo by his grandfather Saw Schwe, 30 Sept. 2019, CityPlace Community Center.

MLA In-text Citations

This knowledge of seasonally timing storytelling is important and so ... (Nesser).

According to Saw Htoo, the oral teaching is ...

Chicago Notes and Bibliography

(see CMOS section 14.137)

Chicago N&B Bibliography Entries

Last name, First name. Nation/Community/Ethnic Group/Clan. Treaty Territory/Reservation/Country of Origin. Where They Live. “Descriptive Title.” Oral teaching shared at location/event, Month Day, Year.

Nesser, David. Fond du Lake Band of Lake Superior Chippewa. LaPointe Treaty. Lives in Cloquet, MN. “Turtle Management in Lake Systems.” Oral teaching shared at Coffee with the Elders in St Paul, Minnesota, May 25, 2015.

Saw Htoo. Pwo Karen. Lives in St. Paul, MN. “Story about a Tradition as Told to Saw Htoo by His Grandfather.” Oral teaching shared at Saw Htoo’s home, September 30, 2019.

Chicago N&B Notes

Full Note

1. Nesser, David. Fond du Lake Band of Lake Superior Chippewa. LaPointe Treaty. Lives in Cloquet, MN. “Turtle Management in Lake Systems” (Oral teaching shared at Coffee with the Elders in St Paul, Minnesota, May 25, 2015).

Short Note

2. Saw Htoo, “Story about a Tradition,” oral teaching shared in St Paul, MN.

Chicago Author-Date

(see CMOS section 14.137)

Chicago A-D Reference List Entries

Last name, First name (Traditional name, if applicable). Year. Nation/Community/Ethnic Group/Clan. Treaty Territory/Reservation/Country of Origin. Where They Live. Topic/subject of communication. Interview, Month Day.

Nesser, David. Fond du Lake Band of Lake Superior Chippewa. (May 25, 2015). Teaching about Traditional Knowledge. Interview, May 25.

Saw Htoo, Pwo Karen. (September 30, 2019). Story about an Oral Tradition as Told to Saw Htoo by his Grandfather. Interview, September 30.

Chicago A-D Parenthetical Citation

Seasonally timing storytelling is important and so ... (David Nesser, oral teaching, May 25, 2015).

According to Saw Htoo seasonally timing storytelling is important and so ... (oral teaching, September 30, 2019).

CSE Name-Year

CSE Name-Year Reference Entries

Last name First Initial, Nation/Community/Ethnic Group/Clan, Treaty Territory/Reservation/Country of Origin, Where They Live. Year Month Day. Descriptive title of the teaching. Oral Teaching; Place oral teaching was shared.

Nesser D, Fond du Lake Band of Lake Superior Chippewa, lives in Duluth. 2022 May 25. Turtle management in streams. Oral Teaching; shared in St Paul, Minnesota.

Saw Htoo, Pwo Karen. Thailand, Lives in St Paul, Minnesota. 2019 September 30. Story about an Oral Tradition as Told to Saw Htoo by his Grandfather. Oral Teaching; shared in St Paul, Minnesota.

CSE Name-Year In-text Citations

Seasonally timing storytelling is important and so ... (Nesser 2022).

According to Saw Htoo seasonally timing storytelling is important and so ... (2019).